Monday, August 25, 2025

PAVM Transarterial Embolization - Meta Analysis

Transarterial Embolization for Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis 





πŸ” **Clinical Question:** 


Does an updated meta-analysis continue to show that transcatheter embolization for treatment of pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVMs) is safe and effective? What additional insights does it offer? 

πŸ’‘ **Key Insight:** 


Transcatheter embolization for pulmonary arteriovenous malformations demonstrated a high technical success rate (>98%), whereas the reported rate of postembolization catastrophic events was low (1.0%). The use of vascular plugs was associated with significantly lower persistence rates than coils only (13.6% vs 32.7%). 

Venous sac embolization showed a markedly lower persistence rate than feeding artery embolization (3.8% vs 24.3%). 

πŸ‘‰ **Why it matters:** 


PAVM embolization, especially using vascular plugs and encompassing venous sac embolization, has favorable technical and treatment success rates and low risk of severe AEs. 

➡️ **Full Article:** 


Thursday, August 21, 2025

Transperineal MRI–Guided Prostate Biopsy

Transperineal MR Imaging–Guided Prostate Biopsy: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Study on Safety and Effectiveness Compared with Transrectal Biopsy






πŸ” **Clinical Question:** 


Is magnetic resonance (MR) imaging–guided in-bore transperineal prostate biopsies (TP-Bx) safe and tolerable?


πŸ’‘ **Key Insight:** 


Adverse events occurred in 8.9% of patients undergoing transrectal prostate biopsy and 4.4% of patients undergoing transperineal prostate biopsy, with no significant difference between groups. Transperineal approach demonstrated a higher cancer detection rate (42.5%) than transrectal approach (28.2%) and a significantly higher clinically significant cancer detection rate (27.5% vs 7.7%, P = .019). 

Quality-of-life and pain assessments showed no significant differences between groups, although changes in management were more frequent following transperineal prostate biopsy (32.5% vs 15.4%, P = .050).


πŸ‘‰ **Why it matters:** 


MR imaging–guided transperineal prostate biopsy is a safe and effective procedure with an enhanced detection rate in non–biopsy-naΓ―ve patients, with significant impact on clinical management strategies.


➡️ **Full Article:**

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Post author
Annie Phan
MS4 Medical Student
University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School

Friday, May 9, 2025

Vox Voxel: Calculating Y90 Tumor Dose and Sphere Distribution with Voxel Dosimetry

Using Voxel-Based Dosimetry to Evaluate Sphere Concentration and Tumor Dose in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Treated with Yttrium-90 Radiation Segmentectomy with Glass Microspheres


Clinical question

How can we use voxel-based dosimetry to better understand sphere distribution and tumor dose in Y90 glass microsphere radiation segmentectomy; and does it validate the current literature on radiologic and pathologic outcomes following radiation segmentectomy?

Take away point

Voxel dosimetry is a crucial tool in better understanding of Y90 sphere activity/distribution and their effects on tumor treatment response and lasting oncologic outcomes. It is indispensable

Reference

Sandow, T., Gimenez, J., Nunez, K., Tramel, R., Gilbert, P., Oliver, B., Cline, M., Fowers, K., Cohen, A., & Thevenot, P. (2024). Using Voxel-Based Dosimetry to Evaluate Sphere Concentration and Tumor Dose in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Treated with Yttrium-90 Radiation Segmentectomy with Glass Microspheres. Journal of vascular and interventional radiology : JVIR, 35(11), 1602–1612.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvir.2024.05.020

Click here for the full article

Study Design

Retrospective, observational, single institution

Funding Source

None

Setting

Academic setting, Oschner Health, New Orleans, LA.

Figure



Summary


This retrospective study looked at 56 patients with treatment-naive, solitary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with Barcelona clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) Stage 0-A tumor burden over a two-year period from January 2020 to October 2022. The included patients were treated with Y90 glass microspheres in a segmental or subsegmental delivery for ablation radiation segmentectomy. Treatment was done in two-step fashion starting with a mapping angiography session, which included calculation of a lung shunt fraction, followed by a treatment session. Initially, target radiation doses were > 200 Gy. This was increased to > 400 Gy after the publication of the LEGACY study in 2021. Immediately following treatment, patients were imaged using Bremsstrahlung SPECT/CT. For post-treatment dosimetry, pre-treatment diagnostic CT or MRI studies were incorporated with the post-treatment nuclear medicine SPECT/CT.

Using voxel dosimetry and the Mirada DBx Build 1.2.0 Simplicit90Y software, total liver volume, perfused volumes, and tumor volume were calculated. Tumor absorbed dose (TAD) and normal tissue absorbed dose were calculated using the multicompartment dosimetry model. Additional calculations included the sphere concentration per tumor volume, the number of spheres delivered to normal and tumoral tissue, minimum absorbed doses at 70% (D70), 90% (D90), and 99% (D99) of the total tumor volume, and minimum dose threshold to the entire tumor for 200 Gy (V200 100%) and 400 Gy (V400 100%). The primary endpoint for the study was progression of HCC based on mRECIST imaging criteria. In patients successfully bridged to transplant, pathologic information related to degree of necrosis was obtained. Statistical analysis included linear regression, Kaplan-Meier survival curves, Mann-Whitney test for continuous variables, and chi-square or Fisher exact test for categorical variables. Adverse events were monitored for 180 days and graded based on the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 5.0.

Key findings:
· Smaller perfused volumes correlated with higher sphere concentrations in nontumoral liver and tumor.
· Larger tumors showed a nonlinear increase in total spheres deposited.
· Tumoral and nontumoral sphere concentrations had a direct linear relationship.

Clinical outcomes:
· Objective response rate: 96% (83% complete response [CR], 14% partial response).
· CR correlated with higher D70, D90, D99, and V400 100%.
· Histopathology (15 patients): 33% achieved complete pathologic necrosis (CPN); remaining tumors showed 80-99% necrosis.
· CPN was associated with smaller tumors and higher D99.
· All adverse events were treatment-related (≤Grade 3) and unrelated to nontumoral TAD.

Commentary


As the literature on Y90 radioembolization for grows in both quantity and nuance, sphere activity (SA) and sphere distribution has grown in importance. To understand why, it’s useful to review both the goal of radioembolization and the current techniques of treatment. The goal of Y90 treatment in HCC is to deliver a critical radiation dose to the tumor, with the ideal goal being complete pathologic necrosis (CPN). The LEGACY trial included a cohort of patients who received median doses of 400 Gy, 100% of which had CPN. Since the LEGACY trial, 400 Gy has become the benchmark dose for achieving CPN.

In an ideal treatment scenario, each part of the tumor would see at least 400 Gy and become completely necrotic. However, HCC’s intrinsic heterogeneity—driven by “solid stress” from tumor growth compressing vessels—creates cold areas with limited sphere deposition. Enough activity needs to be deposited into all parts of the tumor, even the cold areas, so the surrounding tumor cells get adequate absorbed dose to achieve complete pathologic necrosis. Balancing sufficient SA to penetrate these regions while avoiding uneven distribution remains a challenge.

Utilizing voxel dosimetry, the article by Sandow et al. reproduced and further delineated many of the findings from the Y90 literature. Voxel dosimetry metrics of D70, D90, D99, and V400 100% correlated strongly with radiologic and pathologic response. Smaller tumors, likely due to homogeneous hypervascularity, achieved higher sphere concentrations and CPN rates. Sphere concentration linearly predicted dose coverage (D70/ D99), emphasizing the need for both activity and distribution optimization.

The study validates voxel dosimetry as a robust analytic tool for future research in personalized Y90 radioembolization for the treatment of HCC and other types of malignancies, offering granular insights into radioembolization dose thresholds and tumor biology.

Post Author
Sean Roger, MD
Interventional Radiology Fellow, PGY-6
University of Massachusetts